by german.suarez Introduction

In today’s fast-paced digital landscape, ensuring the availability and performance of applications is paramount. Modern infrastructures require robust solutions to distribute traffic efficiently and maintain service availability even in the face of server failures. Enter HAProxy, the de facto standard for high-performance load balancing and failover.

This article explores the synergy between HAProxy and Ubuntu, one of the most popular Linux distributions. From installation to advanced configuration, we’ll dive into how HAProxy can transform your infrastructure with load balancing and failover capabilities.

Understanding Load Balancing

Load balancing is the process of distributing incoming network traffic across multiple servers. By balancing the load, it ensures no single server becomes overwhelmed, leading to better performance, reliability, and fault tolerance.

Key benefits

• Scalability: Ability to handle increasing traffic by adding more servers.
• Reliability: Mitigating server failures by routing traffic to healthy servers.
• Performance: Reducing latency by spreading the workload evenly.

Types of load balancing

• Layer 4 (Transport Layer): Distributes traffic based on IP and port information.
• Layer 7 (Application Layer): Makes routing decisions based on application-level data such as HTTP headers.

Failover Concepts

Failover ensures continuity by automatically redirecting traffic to backup resources if the primary ones fail. It’s a cornerstone of High Availability (HA) setups.

With HAProxy, failover is seamless:

• If a backend server becomes unavailable, HAProxy detects it via health checks.
• Traffic is rerouted to other available servers, maintaining uninterrupted service.

Setting Up HAProxy on Ubuntu

Let’s begin by installing and configuring HAProxy on Ubuntu.

Prerequisites

• An Ubuntu server (20.04 or later recommended).
• Multiple backend servers for testing load balancing.
• Basic Linux command-line skills.

Step 1: Installing HAProxy

1. Update your system:

   sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

2. Install HAProxy:

   sudo apt install haproxy -y

3. Verify installation:

   haproxy -v

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A sure-fire way to tell that development has moved up a gear: Ubuntu 25.04 daily builds are now available to download. Development formally got underway on Ubuntu 25.04 ‘Plucky Puffin’ last month, with the final stable release of Ubuntu 25.04 arriving on Thursday April 17, 2025. You’re probably wondering what sort of new features Ubuntu 25.04 may offer and the daily builds will get everyone ample chance to find out, first-hand, nice and early. Only, there’s not much new to see — yet. What’s Coming in Ubuntu 25.04? There are plans to ship a new document viewer app in Ubuntu […]

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Linus Torvalds has announced the release of Linux kernel 6.12, and an eclectic assortment of changes contained within make it one of the most biggest kernel releases for a while. In his message to the Linux Kernel Mailing List to announce the release Linus Torvalds notes that the final week of testing delivered “no strange surprises this last week, so we’re sticking to the regularrelease schedule”. But what made it in? Let’s take a look… Linux 6.12: What’s New? Really real-time kernel The headline feature in Linux 6.12 is mainline support for PREEMPT_RT. This patch set dramatically improves the performance of real-time applications […]

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I’d promise to shut up about the Tiling Shell GNOME Shell extension but I can’t because new features are coming thick and fast — the latest: support for automatic tiling. Yes, this nifty workflow wonder is finally able to automatically tile newly opened windows based on the currently active tiling layout (and as you may sick of me re-emphasising: you can switch between different layouts ad-hoc, and create and save your own). Windows auto-tile to the best vacant slot in the layout. But what’s ‘best’? Tiling Shell developer Domenico Ferraro says this will be the ‘vacant tile nearest to the […]

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by George Whittaker Introduction

In the world of cybersecurity and software development, binary analysis holds a unique place. It is the art of examining compiled programs to understand their functionality, identify vulnerabilities, or debug issues—without access to the original source code. For Linux, which dominates servers, embedded systems, and even personal computing, the skill of binary analysis is invaluable.

This article takes you on a journey into the world of Linux binary analysis, reverse engineering, and vulnerability discovery. Whether you're a seasoned cybersecurity professional or an aspiring reverse engineer, you’ll gain insights into the tools, techniques, and ethical considerations that define this fascinating discipline.

Understanding Linux Binaries

To analyze binaries, it’s essential to first understand their structure and behavior.

What Are Linux Binaries?

Linux binaries are compiled machine code files that the operating system executes. These files typically conform to the Executable and Linkable Format (ELF), a versatile standard used across Unix-like systems.

Components of an ELF File

An ELF binary is divided into several critical sections, each serving a distinct purpose:

• Header: Contains metadata, including the architecture, entry point, and type (executable, shared library, etc.).
• Sections: Include the code (.text), initialized data (.data), uninitialized data (.bss), and others.
• Segments: Memory-mapped parts of the binary used during execution.
• Symbol Table: Maps function names and variables to addresses (in unstripped binaries).

Tools for Inspecting Binaries

Some standard tools to start with:

• readelf: Displays detailed information about the ELF file structure.
• objdump: Disassembles binaries and provides insights into the machine code.
• strings: Extracts printable strings from binaries, often revealing configuration data or error messages.

Introduction to Reverse Engineering What Is Reverse Engineering?

Reverse engineering involves dissecting a program to understand its inner workings. It’s crucial for scenarios like debugging proprietary software, analyzing malware, and performing security audits.

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A new version of the GTK-based music player Rhythmbox has been released, the first major update in over a year. Rhythmbox 3.4.8 is billed as a ‘minor improvement release’, so there are no shiny new features or (some would say overdue) UI changes to speak of. But there are plenty of bug fixes and smaller quality enhancements worth knowing about. Although primarily used to listen and manage local music files, Rhythmbox supports network shares, podcasts, radio streaming, and integration with online services like Magnatune and Last.FM. In this release, the app includes several podcast improvements, including better handling of episode […]

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It could be all change for the PDF viewer in the next version of Ubuntu. Ubuntu’s long-time PDF viewer Evince (aka Document Viewer) is comes preinstalled in Ubuntu at present—I can’t recall using a version of Ubuntu that didn’t use it. But next April’s release of Ubuntu 25.04 ‘Plucky Puffin’ may replace Evince with a newer document viewing app called Papers, marking a major change in the distro’s default app set. Papers, a modern GTK4/libadwaita app, is able to ‘view, search and annotate’ documents in a wide range of formats, with PDF handling a primary focus — like Evince. So […]

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Framework make the most exciting laptops around —I don’t own one to be able to say they’re good, but the modular components, and upgradeable and repairable ethos is unlike anything else. As news earlier this year that owners would be able to swap their Intel-based mainboard for a RISC-V mainboard underscores. Well, there’s now an update on that front. DeepComputing (who make the Ubuntu-powered DC-ROMA II laptop & Pad II tablet) has launched an early access program for its DC-ROMA RISC-V Mainboard for the Framework Laptop 13. The mainboard is also compatible with the  Framework and Cooler Master Case (which […]

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Back in the spring, VMware did something unexpected: it made its desktop hypervisor software free to download and use on Windows, macOS, and Linux. No trial period, no in-app purchases, no feature limitations; the full version of VMware Workstation Pro (Windows, Linux) and Fusion Pro (macOS) for free. The “catch” was that it was only free for personal use. Businesses, educators, freelancers, and developers who planned to use the software for so-called ‘commercial’ purposes were asked to be honest and pay for a license. Now, that’s no longer needed. Why is VMware Workstation Pro Now Free? Both VMware Workstation Pro […]

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by George Whittaker Introduction

In the digital age, data loss is a critical concern, and effective backup and recovery systems are vital for any Debian system administrator or user. Debian, known for its stability and suitability in enterprise, server, and personal computing environments, offers a multitude of tools for creating robust backup and recovery solutions. This guide will explore these solutions, from basic backup methods to advanced recovery techniques, ensuring your data remains secure even in the face of hardware failures, accidental deletions, and cyber threats.

Understanding Backup and Recovery on Debian Definitions and Key Concepts

• Backup is the process of creating copies of your data to restore in case of data loss.
• Snapshots capture the state of the system or specific filesystems at a particular point in time.
• Recovery involves restoring data from backups to resume normal operations after data loss.

Each backup type and method has its strengths, so selecting the right one depends on factors such as data criticality, frequency of changes, available storage, and recovery speed requirements.

Types of Backups

• Full Backups: A complete copy of all data at a specific time, enabling a comprehensive restore but requiring significant storage space.
• Incremental Backups: Only data modified since the last backup (full or incremental) is backed up, saving storage space and time but requiring each incremental backup for a full recovery.
• Differential Backups: All data modified since the last full backup is stored, offering a balance between storage requirements and restoration speed.

Key Debian Backup Tools and Solutions

Debian’s ecosystem includes various backup tools, each suited to different user needs and technical requirements. Here’s a closer look at some popular solutions.

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MPRIS is something most of us associate with music apps and movie players, but a new app makes use of this freedesktop standard for something less entertaining: timers. Yes, timers. Timing your pizza in the oven, setting a deadline for a task, dedicating time to a hobby, or obsessively counting down to a date (figurative or romantic), MPRIS Timer does it just as well as anything else – with a twist: it shows your timer using MPRIS. MPRIS stands for ‘Media Player Remote Interfacing Specification’. It is a Freedesktop standard that gives app makers an accessible, consistent API to target […]

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For a pinch more personalisation of Ubuntu 24.10 check out Auto Accent Colour, a new GNOME Shell extension that changes the system accent colour based on your current desktop wallpaper. Accent colours are a headline feature in GNOME 47, although not new to Ubuntu users since Ubuntu added its own approach to accent colours back in 2022. Now aligned with upstream, this new GNOME Shell extension is going to interest Ubuntu users who don’t wan the hassle of handpicking an accent colour to suit their wallpaper – instead, letting their wallpaper pick the accent colour! Auto Accent Colour GNOME Extension […]

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Calibre ebook manager, converter, and reader is out with a new update, and it adds an enticing sounding new feature. For a while now Calibre has offered a ‘read aloud’ feature that does exactly what you think it does: a computer voice reads the text of an ePUB book. Calibre 7.21 intros a “new tool to create an audio overlay in EPUB files for all text using the Read aloud facility”. This, it says, enables readers to listen with sentence tracking, and assign different voices to different parts of the book’s text. Interestingly, Calibre say using the new tool can […]

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GNOME 47 ‘Denver’ proved a decent update to the GNOME desktop, delivering a hearty dose of new features, UI refinements, and app improvements. As those of you using Ubuntu 24.10 are no-doubt enjoying. But as one release goes out, work on the next begins… GNOME 48: Release Schedule GNOME 48 ‘Bengaluru‘ (named after the host city of the GNOME Asia Summit taking place in December) is scheduled for release on March 19, 2025. And these are the dates for important development milestones along the way, offering opportunity to implement, add, and integrate changes, the necessary “freeze” to solidify the desired […]

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by George Whittaker Introduction

Debian is one of the most trusted and stable Linux distributions, making it a top choice among developers and system administrators. Setting up a powerful development environment on Debian involves installing the right tools, compilers, libraries, and Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) that can support various programming languages and workflows. This guide provides a detailed walk-through on installing essential development tools on Debian, enabling you to start coding and compiling with ease.

Whether you’re working with C/C++, Python, Java, or a web development stack, we’ll cover everything you need to know to get started. By the end of this guide, you’ll have a robust development setup ready to tackle any project.

Preparing the System for Development

Before diving into installation, it’s essential to ensure your Debian package repository is up-to-date. This ensures you have access to the latest versions of all tools and libraries.

Updating the Package Repository

Updating the package repository is as simple as running the following commands:

sudo apt update # Updates the package list sudo apt upgrade # Upgrades all installed packages to the latest version

This helps prevent any potential conflicts and ensures your development environment will have the latest tools and security patches.

Installing Essential Development Tools

A solid development setup starts with essential tools for compiling code. Debian simplifies this process through the build-essential package.

Using build-essential Package

The build-essential package is a meta-package in Debian that installs key compilers and utilities necessary for compiling code in C/C++. It includes the GCC (GNU Compiler Collection), G++, Make, and other tools that are foundational for development.

To install build-essential, run:

sudo apt install build-essential

This package provides:

• GCC - A compiler for the C language.
• G++ - A compiler for the C++ language.
• Make - A utility that helps automate compilation.

Verifying the Installation

To confirm GCC installation, check its version:

gcc --version

A successful output means that GCC is ready to compile your code!

Additional Tools (Optional)

Some projects may require other build-related tools such as autoconf, automake, and cmake. Here’s what each does:

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Raspberry Pi has unveiled another low-price own-brand product, this time a 4-port USB 3.0 hub compatible with most of its single-board computers. In the past few months we’ve seen the company expand its range of official accessories and add-ons to encompass everything from AI HATs to SD cards and SSDs guaranteed to contain the right tech to ensure Pi owners get the best possible performance. Most popular Pi models include a number of on-board USB ports, some folks need or want more, which is why the company is launching an official Raspberry Pi USB 3 Hub. Cheekily, it pitches this as […]

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It’s been a while since the gorgeous (if admittedly gimmicky) Burn My Windows GNOME Shell extension added a new effect to appease fans of over-the-top window closing and opening animations. I.e., folks like moi ;3 But the latest release, Burn My Windows v44, now rolling out through the GNOME Extensions website, dutifully delivers one – and a rather dreamy one at that! Called Focus, the new effect is a subtle, more considered offering compared to other animations available in the app. It combines a blur and fade effect on close (or open), as you may glimpse in the GIF embedded […]

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Sweeping staffing cuts have fallen at The Mozilla Foundation, the nonprofit arm of Mozilla tasked with advocating for web standards, internet privacy, and open-source. A huge 30% reduction in head count at the foundation cleaves away the entirety of the dedicated advocacy division, according to an internal memo seen by TechCrunch (and since confirmed to them and other press outlets by Mozilla). “The Mozilla Foundation is reorganizing teams to increase agility and impact as we accelerate our work to ensure a more open and equitable technical future for us all,” Brandon Borrman, vice president of communications at Mozilla is quoted […]

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If it feels like the next major release of open source image editor The GIMP has been in the works forever, know that anticipation for its arrival has been building longer still – yet the wait will soon be over. Today, a GIMP 3.0 release candidate was tagged for release. This gives creatives eager to see what new features Wilber has in store for them the opportunity to find out first-hand, with fewer bugs and quirks getting in their way than development and beta builds. This post isn’t going to provide a blow-by-blow rundown of the best new features in […]

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by George Whittaker

In today’s digital world, data is more than just information; it’s a part of our lives. From photos and documents to sensitive personal information, our data represents our memories, work, and interests. While cloud storage services are widely available, they often come with privacy concerns, subscription fees, and limitations on customization. This is where building a personal cloud on Ubuntu comes in as a powerful alternative, giving you full control over your data with the flexibility to customize and expand as you wish.

This guide will walk you through setting up an Ubuntu-based personal cloud, using Nextcloud as the main application, and ensuring your setup is secure and robust.

Why Build a Personal Cloud on Ubuntu?

Ubuntu, one of the most popular Linux distributions, is well-suited for creating a personal cloud due to its stability, security, and vast community support. A personal cloud offers several advantages over public cloud services:

• Data Privacy and Control: With a personal cloud, you own your data outright. Unlike traditional cloud services, you don’t have to rely on third-party terms of service, nor worry about your data being analyzed for advertising or other purposes.

• Cost Savings: By using existing hardware (e.g., an old laptop or a Raspberry Pi), you avoid recurring subscription fees, making this a cost-effective solution for long-term data storage.

• Customization: You can tailor the cloud to your needs, adding features or plugins that public cloud providers may not offer.

By the end of this article, you’ll have your own Ubuntu-based personal cloud, a secure, private data haven that you can access from anywhere.

Choosing Your Hardware Selecting the Right Device

You can set up an Ubuntu personal cloud on various types of hardware. Some common options include:

• An Old PC or Laptop: If you have an unused computer lying around, repurposing it for your cloud is an excellent, low-cost choice.
• Raspberry Pi: Affordable and energy-efficient, Raspberry Pi (especially Pi 4) is powerful enough for personal cloud usage, though it may have limitations with heavy workloads.
• Dedicated Server or NAS: If your storage needs are extensive, investing in a dedicated server or Network Attached Storage (NAS) system can provide robust performance.

Storage and Memory Requirements

Ensure your device has at least 2GB of RAM and sufficient storage for your data. Consider adding external storage drives if your initial setup runs low on disk space.

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